INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by bacteria growing in blood cultures are important medical problems that cause high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to examine the changes in antibiotic susceptibility and the bacteria isolated from blood samples from various clinics in the five-year period and to determine the antimicrobials that can be chosen in empirical treatment in blood stream infection in our hospital.
METHODS: Blood samples from our laboratories were evaluated retrospectively during 2013-2017. Samples were incubated in an automated system of BACTEC-FX(BD,USA). Conventional methods and automated systems (Phoenix,BD,USA) have been used to identify bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated bacteria were evaluated using the automated systems (Phoenix,BD,USA).
RESULTS: A total of 4597 bacterial reproductions that isolated from the blood samples including 1972 (42,9%) gram positive and 2625 (57,1%) gram negative were included in the study. The most frequently isolated gram positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (15,3%) and the gram negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (18,6%).
Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates no resistance to glycopeptide or linezolid was found. Resistance of vancomycin and teicoplanin in enterococci was determined as 9,7% while linezolid resistance was 2%.
Extended spectrum beta lactamase production was detected in E. coli isolates 46,7%, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates 63,4%, an increase has been observed in E. coli isolates over the last three years.
Over the years it has been determined that resistance of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in S. aureus and CNS isolates were decreases. However, it has been determined that increased resistance rates of netilmisin in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, aztreonam, imipenem and meropenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.
The most effective antimicrobials were linezolid and glycopeptides in staphylococci and enterococci, carbapenems and amikacin in E. coli, and colistin in K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter. baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates in our study.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The diversity of bacteria isolated from blood cultures and susceptibility to antibiotics varies according to geographical regions, hospital flora and antibiotics used in the hospital. For this reason, we think that each hospital should determine its own bacterial distribution and antibiotic susceptibility at certain intervals and rational drug use policies have to be designated according to these results to provide benefits in fighting with resistant microorganisms.

INTRODUCTION: Lead is a heavy metal that can affect virtually every organ system in the body, particularly the nervous, hematologic and gastrointestinal systems. Children are more sensitive to the health problems as a consequence of lead exposure than adults. Studies have shown that lead contamination on the ground of inexpensive toys, much of them imported from China, is widespread. The goal of this study was to develop a method for determination of the lead levels in plastic toys using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, and to evaluate whether or not these inexpensive toys are possible sources of toxic lead for children.

METHODS: This study involved 50 plastic toys. Turkish (n=19) and Chinese brands (n=31) of inexpensive plastic toys were purchased from the different places of Ankara in Turkey. Toys were classified as their color and origin of country. Samples were prepared by use of microwave acid digestion procedure. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was utilized for quantification of lead in the samples which were examined.
RESULTS: The method showed linearity in the range of 0-4 mg/kg with a detection and quantification limit equal to 0.01 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg, respectively. Lead levels in toys ranged between 0.10 mg/kg and 384.40 mg/kg while median and mean (±SD) lead levels were calculated as 50.01 mg/kg and 68.66±59.72 mg/kg, respectively. Mean lead levels of Turkish brands toys and Chinese brand toys were found 41.44±46.33 mg/kg and 85.35±91.30 mg/kg, respectively. Samples were classified as their origin of country and colors. Hence, Chinese toys had statistically higher lead levels than Turkish brands toys (p=0.01; p< 0.05). In addition, black toys (144.01 ± 121.61 mg/kg) had statistically higher lead levels than other colored ones (54.31± 61.26 mg/kg) (p< 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Thus, it is suggested that inexpensive plastic toys are the potential health risk in terms of lead toxicity for the children. This study can be considered as a preliminary step to examine the potential lead exposure hazard occurring in children through plastic toys. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine if the high lead concentration in toys poses a serious risk to child health. In addition, the proposed method is applicable for forensic or custom analysis of lead contents in plastic toys.

INTRODUCTION: This study was carried out to learn the reasons of non-compliance of water and its solution suggestions to get opinions of the health professional who contol/monitor the compliance of drinking water with the quality standards in our country.
METHODS: This is a descriptive study. The questionnaire form which was prepared by the researchers was used as data collection tool. The questionnaire was sent electronically to 81 Provincial Health Directorates and it was filled out by Deputy Manager of Environmental Health, Environmental Health Branch Manager and Environmental Health Branch personnel who monitor the drinking water quality. A total of 496 people were reached in 79 provinces.
RESULTS: According to the participants the first reason for microbiological non-compliance on drinking water is the problems related to water supply and distribution system (41.0%) and the most common solution is interventions in water supply and distrubition system (36.8%). Water source is the most important reason of chemical non-complıance (27.0%). As a solution, treatment system should be established and continuity should be ensured (20.2%). When the cause of low level of chlorine is considered, it is seen that effective chlorination isn’t achieved (43.4%), effective chlorination is required as a solution (49.2%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Clean and safe water should flow from the taps to protect public health. The opinions of the health professionals who follow the quality of drinking water in the Provincial Health Directorates on the reasons of non-compliance and their suggestions for solutions show that they have knowledge and experience on the subject. Considering the opinions, the important role of local governments in water quality management is once again revealed. In order to provide safe water to the community, increasing the awareness of the subject, to provide conditional resource transfer to municipalities for use in water quality management studies and to making necessary arrangements for the implementation of legal sanctions to local administrators who don’t carry out the necessary studies to eliminate nonconformities will be useful. Work can be carried out to provide the service demand of the consumer. In order to eliminate the non-conformities detected in drinking water all water structures must be made in such a way that they won’t disrupt the quality of water, protect the water from pollutants, and maintenance repairs should be carried out regularly and rapidly. Especially, water reservoir must be cleaned regularly, automatic chlorination equipment should be used for appropriate dosage and continuous chlorination. Coordination and communication should be ensured continuously.

INTRODUCTION: P.aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. are two of the most commonly appearing pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that cause nosocomial infection outbreaks. Inadequate hygiene and contaminated liquid hand soaps are mostly blamed for spreading these bacteria.In this study, we were identified the source and causes of nosocomial outbreak in a third level care hospital.
METHODS: Culture samples were obtained from soap dispensers filled with anionic liquid hand soap without antiseptic during the outbreak and randomly from dispensers containing disposable liquid hand soap with antiseptic throughout 5 years after the outbreak. These samples were planted in eosin methylene blue agar and blood agar mediums. Identification of obtained bacterial isolates were completed by using VITEK® 2 Compact automated system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France).
RESULTS: In 2011, we isolated P.aeruginosa (n=17) and Klebsiella spp.(n=8) of culture samples obtained from 18 patients with coronary by-pass during nosocomial outbreak in our hospital. P.aeruginosa (n=58) and Klebsiella spp. (n=15) were isolated of culture samples obtained from the liquid hand Soap A (anionic, antiseptic-free) during nosocomial outbreak and after in the early periods after disinfections.We were not seen any nosocomial outbreak during the next 5-year period after use of Soap B (antiseptic foam soap) and Soap C (disposable antiseptic liquid soap). However, very few P.aeruginosa (n=1) and Klebsiella spp. (n=2) were isolated of culture samples were obtained from dispensers containing Soap B. Not any bacterial isolation in soap cultures were obtained from Soap C dispensers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The use of disposable liquid hand soap with antiseptic prevents nosocomial outbreaks by breaking of contamination.

INTRODUCTION: It has been shown that the incidence of gastrointestinal disease caused by gastrointestinal contamination with recreational waters correlates with the level of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in the water. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the results of microbiological analysis of seawater samples taken during the summer season of 2016 from the Atakum coasts of Samsun province and to evaluate the conformity of the results with respect to FIB levels and to propose the bathing water profile of these beaches.
METHODS: The microbiological results of 268 samples taken from 17 sampling points on the coast of Samsun -Atakum District of June-September 2016 were included in the study. Beaches in Atakum District are coded alphabetically with random letters. The data are expressed in median (minimum - maximum) values. All data were evaluated according to the criteria of "Swimming Water Quality Regulation".
RESULTS: In the study, 804 results of 268 samples taken from 17 points were evaluated. According to the related regulation, it is determined that there are no data exceeding the mandatory value but 14 (5%) data exceeding the guide value.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It has been determined that sea water quality grade at all sampling points on the Atakum coast is "A".

INTRODUCTION: Especially in the last years, there has been mass food poisoning. This study was carried out in order to examine the reflection of the food poisonings which occurred in the period between 01.01.2014 and 11.05.2018. However, it is aimed to raise awareness about the development of effective food safety policies and procedures and the taking of control measures to prevent the occurrence of food safety incidents.
METHODS: Content analysis method was used in the research. Issued daily in Turkey and located the first three according to the average sales figures on 05.02.2018 In the morning, 01.01.2014 and 05.11.2018 Date of Liberty and spokesperson newspapers in food which have taken place in the media is based on the analysis of news related poisoning. Codings were independently conducted by two researchers who specialize in food safety.
RESULTS: According to the findings, 9884 people were affected by food poisoning at the date of betting. In this study, the most common occurrence of food poisoning is seen as May (19, 17%). The places where food poisoning was most observed were identified as schools (35,23%). Generally, it has been determined that students who are served lunch service are affected by food poisoning. After school, food poisoning was found to be highest in military, business and events, respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The vast majority of foodborne poisonings are caused by the use of raw food or foodstuffs by institutions that provide catering services due to the preparation and servicing of food in poor hygiene conditions or by contamination with microorganisms that cause deterioration and food poisoning. Increase of food safety legislation, practices and controls; analysis of pathogenic microorganisms and chemical residues for food hazards and assessment of risk assessments; training of food producers and employees in relation to personal hygiene can greatly reduce or prevent food safety incidents.

INTRODUCTION: Glucometers enable diabetes patients to effectively monitor of their blood glucose levels. In this study,we aimed to confirm whether 26 glucometers fulfill the measurement precision requirements that are analytical performance evaluations according to ISO 15197.
METHODS: % CV was calculated from the repeatability and intermediate precision study results that were evaluated by two-level quality control material of the 26 glucometer. One way ANOVA analysis was performed to evaluate statistical significance of the difference between the results obtained from the reproducibility and intermediate precision studies.
RESULTS: It was determined that sixteen %CV values of the 26 glucometers obtained from the repeatability and intermediate precision study were > 5%. Statistically significant differences were found between the glucometers in the repeatability study (p<0,001), while statistically significant difference was found between the glucometers in the intermediate precision study.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, we demonstrated that a control system is necessary to control all devices Also, we recommend that each institution should conduct their own analytical performance studies at the time of glucometer device selection and should check this studies periodically.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to prepare a controlled release system, which could be used in medical applications in order to treat infections at the host region.
METHODS: Microlayer films were prepared via solvent casting method. Films with 3-layers were prepared by using chitosan (CHI), gelatin (GEL) and alginate (ALG) in the form of CHI /ALG/CHI and CHI-GEL /ALG/CHI-GEL with or without ceftriaxone sodium (CS) which is loaded in the middle ALG layer. All films were crosslinked by exposing them to glutaraldehyde (GA) vapor for different (2 h, 10 h or 24 h) durations. Mechanical properties of the films and release kinetics of CS at three different pH conditions (pH 5.5, 7.4, and 10.0) were investigated. The antibacterial efficiency of the released CS against E.coli was examined via agar spot test.
RESULTS: The results indicated that the presence of GEL in the upper and lower layers of the 3-layer construct prevented fragility and increased the mechanical strength of the films, whereas the presence of CS in the middle layer caused decrease in the mechanical properties. Crosslinking with GA did not demonstrate a significant effect on the release profile of CS, but due the interaction of chitosan with alginate and CS, the drug release was delayed. Antibacterial tests which were carried out by using the released media of drug loaded films displayed inhibition zone in agar spot tests against E.coli.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, multilayered films prepared by solvent casting can be good candidates as drug carrier devices in medical applications.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the results of blood, bone marrow and / or tissue biopsy and wound aspirate samples sent to our laboratory with suspicion of leishmaniasis on Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium and the results of molecular examination. Although incidence of indigenous cases in our country is low, due to increasing number of migrants in recent years, leishmaniasis has regained importance in our country as in the whole world. Especially bone marrow and buffy coat samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and wound aspirate or tissue biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis are used. Obtaining bone marrow and tissue biopsy specimens is very painful for the patient and may lead to misdiagnosis if not obtained correctly. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the chance of diagnosis by using more than one method together.
METHODS: Two hundred seventy one blood, bone marrow, tissue and / or wound aspirate specimens between January 2015 and July 2018 were sent to the National Parasitology Reference Laboratory of the General Directorate of Public Health on suspicion of leishmaniasis and cultured in NNN medium were then processed by using a commercial kit (Genesig, Primer Design, UK) for real-time PCR method.
RESULTS: While 45 (16.60%) of the samples were evaluated as positive by any method, 226 (83.40%) were evaluated as negative. Of the 174 (64.20%) samples evaluated by PCR alone, 22 (12.64%) were positive and 152 (87.36%) were negative. Of the 52 (19.20%) samples evaluated by culture method only, 7 (13.46%) were positive and 45 (86.54%) were negative. And finally, of the 45 (16.60%) samples evaluated by both methods, 29 (64.45%) were negative by both PCR and culture, 10 (22.22%) were positive by PCR and culture, 6 ( 13.33%) were positive by PCR and negative by culture. There were no samples detected negative by PCR and positive by culture. There were no samples detected negative by PCR and positive by culture. A moderate concordance was found between the two methods studied (κ= 0.545).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Since the sensitivity and specificity of the two diagnostic methods are different, it is concluded that the use of a combination of culture and PCR methods that allow the growth of the parasite by culture, especially in the case of low parasitemia and amplification of DNA by PCR, will increase the chance of diagnosis of the disease.

INTRODUCTION: In our study, we aimed to compare histopathologic results and HPV subtypes of the patients who were performed colposcopy because of detected HPV DNA positivity in National HPV Screening Program between 2016-17 years in Çorum province.
METHODS: All women aged 30-65 years who performed colposcopic biopsy cause of HPV DNA positivity were included in the study. HPV types were divided into three categories as types 16, 18 and others. Pathology results of colposcopic biopsy materials were categorized as Normal, Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (CIN I) and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion ( CIN II/III).
RESULTS: A total of 212 patients detected HPV DNA positivity, were performed cervical biopsy accompanied by colposcopy. When distributed according to HPV types; HPV types 16, 18 and others were found to be positive in 126, 13 and 73 individuals, respectively. As a result of colposcopy, HSIL were detected in 63 patients (29%), LSIL were detected in 56 patients (26%) and no dysplasia was detected in 93 patients (44%). LSIL were detected in 32 (28%) patients with HPV 16, in 3 (24%) patients with HPV 18 and in 20 (28%) patients with other types. HSIL were detected in 39 (31%) patients with HPV 16, in 6 (46%) patients with HPV 18 and in 11 (15%) patients with other subtypes. The percentages of dysplasia (HSIL + LSIL ) were found 79 (62,6%) in HPV 16, 9 (69.2%) in HPV 18 and 31 (42%) in other subtypes. Patients were evaluated according to age range. A positive correlation between the detection rate of dysplasia and age was observed and it was observed that this ratio reached to 68% in the age range of 60-65 years.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The probability of detecting dysplasia in colposcopic biopsies of patients with positive HPV 16 and 18 are higher than other subtypes. Therefore, these patients have to be absolutely evaluated with colposcopic biopsy. The incidence of HPV DNA decreases with age. However, colposcopy have to be performed immediately when HPV positivity is detected especially in the 5th and 6th decades because the percentage of dysplasia detection increases with age.

INTRODUCTION: The most frequently encountered diseases in childhood are the upper respiratory tract infections. Although in our country the most common agent of tonsillopharyngitis is viral, it ranks high in rates of unnecessary use of antibiotics. Streptococcus pyogenes, which is known as Group A streptococcus, is the most common bacterial agent of acute tonsillopharyngitis. The rate of Group A streptococcus causing cases of tonsillopharyngitis in children varies between 20%-40%. The gold standard for diagnosis of Group A streptococcus is the throat culture test. However, faster methods have been developed as it takes 24-48 hours to produce results. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the rapid antigen test by comparing the results obtained from the rapid antigen detection test and throat culture test.
METHODS: In this study, the results from 297 throat swab samples that had been sent to our laboratory with a diagnosis of tonsillopharyngitis, which belonged to patients who had presented to the pediatric diseases clinic between the dates of February 2017-January 2018, were retrospectively evaluated. With one of the samples, inoculation to sheep blood agar was performed for the throat culture test, and simultaneously, the rapid antigen test (TOYO, Turklab) was done on the other sample. For suspected growth of beta hemolytic colonies in the culture, bacitracin susceptibility and PYR tests were also carried out.
RESULTS: A total of 297 patients were inspected with both culture test and rapid antigen test. The culture test was positive in 55 (18.5%) of the samples, and the rapid antigen test in 51 (17.1%). The rapid antigen test was determined to have a sensitivity of 83.6%, specificity of 97.9%, positive predictive value of 90%, negative predictive value of 96.3%, and accuracy of 95%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The utilization of the rapid antigen test for the diagnosis of Group A streptococcus tonsillopharyngitis will help restrain unnecessary use of antibiotics. The prevention of resistance development with proper use of antibiotics is of importance. Based on the results of our study, the specificity of the rapid test is high but its sensitivity is lower. For this reason, confirming negative results from the rapid antigen test with the culture test is necessary with regard to undertreatment and complications.

INTRODUCTION: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a serious disease that occurs after the measles virus is latent in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in slow progression and death within 1-3 years. It is possible to reduce the incidence of the disease with routine measles vaccination during childhood. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples taken simultaneously are used in the diagnosis of the disease as laboratory. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the results of measles-specific intrathecal antibody index of CSF and serum samples sent to our laboratory with SSPE pre-diagnosis.
METHODS: In 2014-2015, 160 samples (80 CSF and 80 sera) of 80 patients with SSPE were collected simultaneously and sent to our laboratory. Measles immunoglobulin (IgG) levels in serum and CSF samples of patients were investigated in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Measles Virus IgG ELISA for BOS Diagnostics, Euroimmun, Germany) which quantitatively detects specific antibodies in CSF. Total IgG and total albumin levels of serum and CSF samples with total IgG and albumin kits (BN Prospec, Siemens, Germany) with nephelometric method were determined as mg/L. The measles-specific antibody index was calculated according to the results obtained from these tests. The obtained CSQrel (relative BOS / serum quotient) value of ≥ 1.5 was considered to be indicative of intrathecal measles antibody production in the cases, equivocal range between 1.30 - 1.50 and ≤ 1.30 as normal range.
RESULTS: Fifty (62%) male and 30 (38%) female patients were analyzed in a total of 80 patients. Measles antibody synthesis index (ASI) value; 15 (18.75%) of the 80 patients were found to be positive, 2 (2.5%) intermediate value and 63 (78.75%) negative. Nine (60%) male and 6 (40%) female patients with measles ASI values ≥ were detected in 15 patients. Their age was between 8 and 21 and the median age was 16.6. The index values of these 15 patients were calculated between 1.94 and 107.75.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: SSPE should be considered and necessary tests should be performed in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis patients. Although clinical findings and EEG findings of the patient are important, identification of the presence of intrathecal antibody synthesis is an important criterion in the diagnosis of the disease. Early identification of the disease ensures protection from long-term, unnecessary and invasive treatments and enables receiving appropriate treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate carrying the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis strains isolated from raw fish samples and to investigate antibacterial activity potentials.
METHODS: Sardine, horse mackerel, red mullet and anchovy samples were analyzed by using Kanamycin Azide Aesculine agar for isolation of enterococci and identified at genus level by Gram staining, catalase test, esculine hydrolysis, growth at pH 9.6, bile salt concentration (40%), 10ºC and 45ºC and species level by using API 20 Strep biochemical test kits. Antibiotic (streptomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamycin and vancomycin) resistance of 33 enterococcal strains were evaluated by using disk diffusion method. PCR were performed for evaluate the virulence genes (agg2, gelE, cylA, cylB, cylM). Antibacterial activity potentials against reference test bacterias (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, L. innocua ATCC 33090, E. faecalis NCIMB 700584, E. faecium M74) of the isolates were evaluated by using the agar drop method.
RESULTS: All E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were resistant to streptomycin, whereas 30 (90.9%) isolates to gentamycin and 14 (42.4%) isolates to vancomycin were found high level resistant. For erythromycin 32 (96.7%) of isolates showed intermediate level of resistancy. Other tested antibiotics, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, were found mostly susceptible, 26 (78.8%) and 30 (90.9%) isolates respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance was also observed in isolates. In addition, gelE and agg2 genes related to pathogenic function were found in some isolates and ß-hemolytic activity was detected in 4 of isolates. However, there is a potential for significant antibacterial activity against test bacteria including S. aureus and L. monocytogenes in some of the isolates.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is thought that E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates may carry a risk for food safety and public health due to antibiotic resistance and virulence gene transmission, but they also have potential for antimicrobial activity in isolates and all these properties should be evaluated on strain specific.

In this review, the relationship between obesity and gut microbiota was discussed in the terms of current literatures in order to draw attention to the role of gut microbiota in the etiology of obesity. In obesity, it is accepted that the intestinal microbota profile has changed, and the amount of bacteria in the Firmicutes phylum increased compared to Bacteroides. Firmicutes hydrolyze dietary polysaccharides that cannot be digested by the host and they cause more energy harvest and fat accumulation. Although there are many studies showing the relationship between obesity and bacterial profiles of different genus and species in Firmicutes phylum, the answer to the question of which profile is playing a key role in obesity has not been fully obtained. Previous studies indicated the less microbial diversity in gut microbiota of obese than that of lean individuals, however the current knowledge indicates contrast results. Functional dysbiosis is now more important than the diversity or abundance of gut microbiota. Different microbial metabolites cause disrupting lipid and glucose homeostasis and affecting the regulation of satiety. Gut microbiota facilitates nutrient absorption by increasing the density of capillary vessels in small intestinal villi and by activating G protein receptors of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Thus, caloric intake increases. In addition, interaction with these receptors is involved in energy metabolism by regulating fasting glycemia by affecting insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and peripheral organs. On the other hand SCFAs reduce the appetite by stimulating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. SCFAs also stimulate the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-2 to proliferate intestinal epithelial cells and maintain barrier integrity, thereby reducing metabolic endotoxemia. Gut bacteria play a role in the synthesis of bile acids. By this way they cause triglyceride deposition in the liver. It has been reported that conjugated linoleic acid produced by some species of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. has anti-obesity effect, in particular, obesity due to aging decreases with the consumption of probiotic foods containing these bacteria.
As a result; disruption of the microbial balance in the gut leads to an increase in intestinal permeability, caloric intake and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and causes endotoxemia. Dysbiosis increases the risk for development of insulin resistance, excessive fat accumulation, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Proteomics and metabolomics studies will be useful to clarify role of microbiota in obesity.

The three main causes of food related problems in the world are the poor eating habits of individuals and societies, lack of food security and food safety. These failures can also lead to food crises, which is defined as “a coincidental or deliberate situation that requires urgent action and poses a serious and uncontrolled food-related risk to public health”. In this article, food problems in the world and food-related diseases that may cause food crises, food crises examples in the world and in our country, conditions and determinants of foodborne diseases and legal regulations related to the subject are given. The article also presents a public health perspective using evidence-based information on what can be done to prevent the emergence of diseases.
Foodborne diseases that can lead to crises are now global problems that can quickly transcend international borders, regardless of how much countries are “developed”. Nonetheless, it may not be possible to predict the global burden of food-borne crises/diseases.. For these reasons, it is also stated that the “reported” size of the foodborne diseases is only the visible part of the iceberg. Undetected cases deepen the problems.
For the local and/or global solutions of food crisis and related problems, systematic and short/medium/long run interventions are needed to prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases and to prevent foodborne diseases before becoming a crisis.