INTRODUCTION: The Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) with known antibacterial effect against several microorganisms has been reported for its synergistic properties along with some antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of ciprofloxacin and green tea extract combinations against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from various clinical registries.
METHODS: Presumptive 90 MRSA strains isolated from various clinical specimens were identified by the biochemical tests followed by an automated bacterial recognition system. Resistance of isolates to ciprofloxacin was determined using a disk diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of green tea extract and ciprofloxacin were determined for 54 MRSA isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin by microdilution method. Subsequently, the synergistic effect of the green tea + ciprofloxacin combinations against the isolates were determined by the checkboard dilution method to calculate fractional inhibitory concentration values.
RESULTS: MRSA strains were isolated from three clinical sample types including wounds (54.4 %), blood (30 %) and urine (15.6%). MIC values of green tea extract, ciprofloxacin and their tested combinations ranged between 8 and 256 µg/ml. The synergetic effect of green tea extract on ciprofloxacin for 54 MRSA isolates were determined as ineffective for 18 (%33.3), aditive for 17 (%31.5), and synergic for 19 (%35.2) strains based on fractional inhibitory concentration values.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that green tea extract and ciprofloxacin had a synergetic antibacterial effect on MRSA strains isolated from various clinical specimens.

INTRODUCTION: During the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare workers are the occupational group most affected by SARS-CoV-2. Infection of healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 poses a potential risk of infection for other healthcare workers, patients and their families. The viral load measure in the sample is determined as the cycle threshold (Ct) with the RT-qPCR method. It has been reported that the RT-qPCR Ct value may be related to the severity and potential contagiousness of the infection. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationships between socio-demographic factors, COVID-19 symptoms and Ct value in SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive healthcare workers.
METHODS: In this study, 300 healthcare workers with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR test were included. SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR test was performed from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples with Bio-speedy SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR (Bioeksen, Turkey) kit. The RT-qPCR Ct value results of healthcare staff patients were classified as low, medium and high, socio-demographic characteristics and the risk of viral spread was evaluated.
RESULTS: The rate of those who showed at least one symptom among the 300 health personnel included in the study was 88.3% (n=265) and the most common symptoms were muscle-joint pain 39.7%, fatigue 33% and sore throat 30.7%. The median RT-qPCR Ct value was determined as 23.17(19.3-29.4) and Ct value was found to be low (<24.0) in 59% of healthcare personnel. In addition, the Ct value of the personnel working in the administrative units was found to be lower than those working in the COVID-19 polyclinic, service and intensive care unit (p=0.020). Those who had fever and at least one of the COVID-19 symptom (fever, cough, respiratory distress) group had a lower Ct value than those who did not (p=0.008, p=0.019, respectively). When the possible source of transmission was evaluated, it was determined that 22% of the health personnel were infected during patient care, 21% from other health personnel and 23.3% from non-hospital sources.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that most of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission seen in healthcare workers occurs within the hospital, but more viral load is exposed in out-of-hospital contacts.In addition, it has been observed that administrative personnel who do not have contact with patients can be a potential source of transmission. This situation has reaffirmed that PPE usage rules should be followed in order to reduce the risk of transmission in healthcare personnel and that personnel working outside the clinic should follow the mask and distance rules during their contact with their colleagues.It was determined that the Ct value was lower (higher viral load) in the presence of any of the symptoms of fever, cough, respiratory distress and fatigue in healthcare workers. In the presence of these symptoms, PCR testing of healthcare workers and taking necessary isolation measures until the test result is obtained will reduce the possibility of transmission.

INTRODUCTION: In Turkey, it was aimed to investigate the rate of influenza vaccination in patients with chronic diseases, taking into account the factors of gender and age group.
METHODS: Disease information was obtained from the electronic health records of 18477 people whose data were collected for the Turkey Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Study in 2011. Among all vaccines recommended in adult vaccination, for influenza vaccine with sufficient data in 2015-2017; Influenza vaccination rates according to sociodemographic characteristics, presence of chronic diseases, age and gender were examined.
RESULTS: The three-year vaccination rate was calculated as 378 per hundred thousand. In our country, it is important to complete the discussions on adult vaccination and to actively support the adult vaccination program.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the influenza vaccination rate in men (391 per hundred thousand) and the vaccination rate of women (367 per hundred thousand) according to gender. (𝜒2 = 0,729, 𝑠𝑑 = 1, p=0,207).. Vaccination rates by (in between 45-54, 55-64, 65-74 ve 75+) age group showed a significant difference(𝜒2 = 183,012, 𝑠𝑑 = 3, p=0,000). The highest rate is in the 65-74 age group (1,525 per hundred thousand). A tendency to increase in adult vaccination rate was observed with age. It was also observed that there were significant differences between influenza vaccination rates on the basis of NUTS regions (𝜒2 = 115,832, 𝑠𝑑 = 11, p=0,000). The highest influenza vaccination rate was observed in the Aegean Region (615 per hundred thousand), while the lowest vaccination rate was observed in North East Anatolia (57 per hundred thousand). Among those with chronic diseases, influenza vaccination seems to be the highest in coronary heart patients (207 per hundred thousand (187-231)). It was observed that the lowest vaccination rate (94 per hundred thousand (109-124)) was in the patient group with multimorbidity. It was observed that influenza vaccination rate was at the lowest level (104 per hundred thousand (118-136)) in those with a diagnosis of hypertension. It was determined that 699 of the people in the sample (n=18477) had influenza vaccination at least once, 409 individuals had only one vaccination, and 7 persons had been vaccinated 4 times.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computer systems that are inspired by the biological neural networks that make up animal brains. An ANN is built from a network of linked units or nodes known as artificial neurons, which are roughly modeled after the neurons in the human brain. Artificial neural networks have found applications in a wide range of fields due to their capacity to recreate and simulate nonlinear phenomena. In this study, as an example, the biochemical data of 201 patients with Covid-19 who were followed up in the intensive care unit of our hospital were taken from the hospital records and the ANN model and its effect on the total treatment cost were investigated.In fact, the application of this model in this way is an example, as well as showing how the initial biochemical parameters of the patient affect the course of the disease and, as a result, the estimation of the total cost of treatment. This will enable doctors and hospital management to detect patients with high total treatment costs in the future.
METHODS: The parameters such as ages, and the other biochemical parameters that affect the staying periods (days) of COVID-19 infected patients in ICU were evaluated by using an ANN analysis. For this a computer program, Pythia®, was used to develop ANN models. Real data was used for that selected patients in this study.
RESULTS: The real data obtained from the ICU and gave to the computer as initial parameters. The computer program gave 15 neurons for the first level, 1 neurons for the second level as the most suitable model for the prediction SSD (Sum of Squared Deviations) was found to be 0.000995. This program predicts a total cost 144.930,940 TL (27.300 USD) where the 50 real cost 142.234,060 TL (26.792 USD) for the real patient in 2019.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The ANN model developed and released in this research does not necessitate any experimental parameters. Besides, ANN has the ability to deliver helpful and exact prediction or information regarding the expense of COVID-19 patients in ICU.Therefore, the use of ANN can be a good method to estimate the parameters that affect the length of stay of critically ill patients followed up with the diagnosis of COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The preparation of the scorpion antivenom is a process that must be meticulously performed, such as obtaining specific antibodies from the serum of the injected animal after a suitable period of time after the relevant venom has been administered to a suitable animal, mostly horses. Many physiological and pathological symptoms occur in the treated animal, depending on the quality, quantity and application of the venom injected. Androctonus crassicauda venom is used in the national production of scorpion antivenom. Androctonus crassicauda is a common species in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia (Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Adana, Hatay, Malatya, Mersin) and Leiurus abdullahbayrami is a common species in Southeastern Anatolia (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Mardin). Leiurus species scorpions seen in Turkey were known as Leiurus quinquestriatus until 2009. The aim of this study is that the national scorpion antivenom obtained with A. crassicauda venom; to evaluate its effectiveness against L. abdullahbayrami.
METHODS: National scorpion antivenom obtained from horses immunized with A. crassicauda venom was used in the study. Firstly, the venom of A. crassicauda and L. abdullahbayrami scorpions was obtained by electrical stimulation. The venom of both species were prepared at 1mg/ml. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) values were determined in mice for venom of both species. Two-fold dilutions of A. crassicauda scorpion antivenom were prepared and the neutralization unit (NU) was determined by calculating the effective dose 50 (ED50) values in mice against A. crassicauda and L. abdullahbayrami venoms. Potency value of A. crassicauda antivenom and cross-protection of antivenom against L. abdullahbayrami venom were calculated by neutralization test.
RESULTS: The LD50 of A. crassicauda venom was 5,761 µg/mouse and the LD50 of L. abdullahbayrami venom was 5,265 µg/mouse. ED50 was found 0.1767 in A. crassicauda and 0.25 in L. abdullahbayrami. Potency values against A. crassicauda antivenom were obtained as 90,5488 NU/ml and 64 NU/ml for A. crassicauda and L. abdullahbayrami, respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our study showed that A. crassicauda antivenom can also be used safely in Leiurus abdullahbayrami scorpion stings. Our study is the first study showing that A. crassicauda antivenom can be used in the treatment of L. abdullahbayrami scorpion stings.

INTRODUCTION: Hypoxia has an important role in the disruption of intestinal mucosal integrity because of inflammation and apoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-y, and apoptotic regulatory proteins. Chloroquine (CLQ) is a drug used in the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and is widely used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases such as malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we aimed to reduce the destructive effects of hypoxia-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa of rats with CLQ applications.
METHODS: For this purpose, a total of 24 Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups; Group I: Control group (n=8), Group II: Hypoxia (Hipoxy, n=8) and Group III: Hypoxia + Chloroquine (Hipoxy+CLQ, n=8). The control group was housed in plexiglass cages to keep the oxygen levels at 10% levels for 28 days, while the Hypoxia and Hypoxia+CLQ groups were housed in a normal atmospheric environment (21% O2), and the Hypoxia+CLQ group was administered CLQ at a dose of 50 mg/kg every day for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, the intestinal tissues of the experimental animals, were extracted under the anesthesia and they were sacrificed.
RESULTS: As a result of histopathological evaluations, it was determined that CLQ applications showed healing properties on the histopathological effects induced by hypoxia in the intestine. While an increase in TNF-α expression was observed in the hypoxia group, a statistically significant decrease was detected in the Hypoxia+CLQ group. In addition, Bax expression was found to be statistically significantly lower in the Hypoxia+CLQ group when compared to the Hypoxia group. On the contrary, it was observed that Bcl-2 expression was statistically significantly increased in the Hypoxia+CLQ group compared to the Hypoxia group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we observed that hypoxia causes significant damage to the intestinal mucosa and triggers a severe inflammation that drives cells to apoptosis. Considering the curative effects of chloroquine on the intestinal mucosa, we suggest that this anti-inflammatory drug has a potential to use clinically to alleviate the deleterious effects of hypoxia in the intestine.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: Although different types of currents have been defined as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), the best characterized of these is Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ currents (ICRAC). The SOCE pathway is an important way to generate cytosolic Ca2+ signals that regulate various biological processes. Abnormal SOCE appears to be one of the underlying causes of several diseases, particularly allergies, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer. In this study, the effects of hyperglycemia on SOCE activity were investigated by electrophysiological methods.
METHODS: Methods: In this study, rat basophilic leukemia-1 (RBL-1) cells were grown using DMEM solutions with high glucose (HG, 50mM) and normal glucose (5.5mM) concentrations. Following 72h incubation period, SOCE activity was measured by Fura-2 based Ca2+ imaging technique and ICRAC currents recorded by voltage clamp method.
RESULTS: Results: ICRAC current measurements were performed by the patch-clmap method and Fura-2 based Ca2+ imaging methods. For positive control experiments, using the PYR6 (SOCE blocker), it was confirmed that the currents were through the SOCE pathway. In addition, it was determined by two different methods that hyperglycemia significantly increased SOCE activity in RBL-1 cells compared to control values.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Conclusion: Our findings reveal that the SOCE pathway may have an important role in the disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+ content of ER/SR stores encountered in diabetic pathologies. Although these findings at the cellular level are limited, it is thought that they will make great contributions to future studies.

INTRODUCTION: Methotrexate (MTX) is an important chemotherapeutic and an important anticarcinogen used in cancer patients, but it causes side effects in other tissues. Among these side effects is lung toxicity. Vitamin B12 is a powerful antioxidant and reduces reactive oxygen species. This study was designed to determine whether vitamin B12 could protect against methotrexate-induced damage in rat lungs.
METHODS: A total of 32 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: The control group (n=8) received intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline throughout the experiment. Vitamin B12 group (B12) (n=8) 3 μg/kg/i.p. Vitamin B12 was administered for 14 days. The methotrexate (MTX) group received a single dose MTX injection at 20 mg/kg/i.p. on the 8th day of the experiment. On the 8th day of the experiment, a single dose of MTX 20 mg/kg/i.p. was given to the MTX+B12 group. + 3 μg/kg/i.p. Vitamin B12 was administered daily throughout the experiment. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods were applied to the obtained lung tissues. Lung tissues were stained with Masson's Trichrome (MT). In addition, α-Sma, Laminin, PCNA, and TNF-α antibodies were stained by immunohistochemistry. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated in lung tissue homogenates.
RESULTS: MTX caused an increase in MDA and IL-6 levels and expression of α-Sma, Laminin, and TNF-α, and the number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue. It also caused a decrease in PCNA expression and SOD and CAT levels in the MTX group. Vitamin B12 inhibited the increase in MDA and IL-6 levels and the expression of α-Sma, Laminin, and TNF-α. Vitamin B12 was found to increase antioxidant capacity.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Vitamin B12 has been shown to be effective on factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis in MTX-induced lung toxicity and reduce damage. It suggests that vitamin B12 should not be ignored in reducing side effects in cancer drug use.

INTRODUCTION: Over the past two decades, Candida species have come to be regarded as important agents of nosocomial infection In this study, we evaluated the epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from aduld and pediatric patients in intensive care units of a research hospital from 2015 to2017.
METHODS: A total of 279 yeast Candida isolates recovered from blood and other samples were identified to species by using conventional (germ tube formation, microscopic morphology in corn meal-Tween 80 agar and formation of clamydospore, presence of pseudohyphae, carbonhytrate fermentation and assimilation tests,ürease and nitrate test ), and Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, ABD ). Susceptibility of the same species to amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLC),voriconazole (VRC) and caspofungin (CAS),) were determined by E test method.
RESULTS: The specimens were isolated from, urine 173(62%), blood 76(27.24%), wound 18(6.45%), tissue culture 4(1.43%),central venous catheter 3(1.08%),respiratory tract 2(0.72%), peritoneal fluid 2(0.72%), pleural fluid 1(0.36%). The most commonly isolated species was 185 (66.31%) C. albicans from the various clinical specimens was followed by the species of 33(11.83%) C. parapsilosis, 29 (10.39%) C.glabrata, 29(10.39%) C.tropicalis, 2 (0.72%) C.pelliculosa, 1(0.36%)C. melibiosica. C glabrata was the most frequently isolated in elderly patients and C albicans was the most frequently isolated in childhood. Antifungal study was performed from 92 Candida isolates.For these species, the geometric mean minimum inhibitor concentration of each antifungal was calculated to be 2.2μg/mL for FLC, 0.6μg / mL for AMB, 0.6 μg/m for CAS and 0.1μg/mL for VRC. All Candida isolates were found susceptible to voriconazole. Seven isolates of 19 C. glabrata species were dose-dependent sensitivity and two isolates were determined to be resistant to fluconazole. Three isolates of 26 C. parapsilosis species were reported to be resistant to caspofungin.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: C. albicans is the most common pathogen among the Candida species.Knowing the types and susceptibility of Candida strains will be an important factor in our choice of antifungal therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral arterial disease (PAH) is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by arterial stenosis or occlusion. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of PAH (>90%). Carbamylation is one of the post-translational modification mechanisms of proteins and has been identified as a new risk factor for atherosclerosis. The most common carbamylation product known is homocitrulline. Our aim in this study was to contribute to the elucidation of the role of homocitrulline in the diagnosis of PAH.
METHODS: 70 patients with PAH and 65 individuals without PAH were included in the study. Serum homocitrulline and lysine levels were measured by AB Sciex API 3200 (Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) device. Various hematological and biochemical parameters of the patients were measured in Beckman Coulter LH 780 and Beckman Coulter AU 5800 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA) autoanalyzers, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in IMMAGE 800 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA) device, respectively.
RESULTS: Serum homocitrulline concentrations of patients with PAH were statistically significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the optimal serum homocitrulline cut-off value was 165.1 µmol / mol lysine (p<0.001) (sensitivity, 71.4% and specificity, 86.7%) for PAH. The area under curve (AUC) value was 0.873 (95% confidence interval: 0.804-0.925). There was a positive correlation between serum homocitrulline and urea, CRP, the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings show that homocitrulline levels are significantly elevated in patients with PAH, and homocitrulline may be a useful marker in the early diagnosis of PAH.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections are the second most common disease in elderly patients and the most common disease related to bacteria. Due to the immune senescence, comorbid diseases and various physiological changes, susceptibility to such infections may develop with age. It is important to know the common pathogens and resistance profile in this patient population for empirical treatment selection.We aimed to evaluate patient characteristics, causative microorganisms and their resistance in elderly patients hospitalized in our clinic due to urinary tract infection.
METHODS: Patients who were older than 65 years who were hospitalized in our clinic with a diagnosis of urinary infection between March 2019 and March 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Hospitalization information, patient files and all medical records on the hospital information processing system in terms of demographic characteristics, culture results and resistance status of the pathogens.
RESULTS: A total of 118 patients were included in the study and the mean age of the patients was 74,65 ± 7,4. hypertension (41,5%), diabetes (30,0%) and dementia (18,6%) were the most common comorbid diseases. Urinary procedure history (11,0%) was the most common complicating factor in the patients. Majority (86,0%) of the causative agents were gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli (E. coli) (59,0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (17,0%) were the most commonly isolated pathogen, respectively. While extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was observed as 56,0% in E. coli and 40,0% in K. pneumoniae, carbapenem resistance was observed at a rate of 20,0% in K. pneumoniae strains. Patients with and without mortality were compared in terms of the presence of resistance (ESBL / carbapenem resistance) and distribution of the infectious agents, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0,573 and p=0,161, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Urinary system infections are the most common cause of bacteremia in the elderly population and often require hospitalization. Aging is one of the major risk factors for the development of urinary infections due to reasons such as urinary incontinence, urinary retention, hospitalizations requiring urinary catheterization, staying in a nursing home and immune aging.It can cause significant morbidity and mortality. For this reason, it is important to know the pathogens and resistance status in order to organize effective and appropriate empirical treatment in this patient population.

INTRODUCTION: Intravitreal injections are one of the most commonly used treatment methods in ophthalmology, but they can cause serious infections that may result in vision loss. In our study, it was aimed to evaluate the particle, ventilation and microbial load of the intravitreal injection room (IVIR) and the outpatient operating room (OPR) where intravitreal injections were performed.
METHODS: Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) performance test results for IVIR and OPR were examined. The air flow and flow rates of the filters were determined with a balometer device. For this measurement, hood suitable for filter sizes were used. The temperature and humidity of the environments were measured with a thermo-hygrometer device. Microbiological contamination was assessed by obtaining media cultures using the passive sample collection method. For this purpose, eosin methylene blue (EMB), blood agar and Sabouraud 2% dextrose agar petri dishes were left open for one hour on the table one meter above the ground and one meter away from the injection site. Colonies that reproduced after incubation were identified and similar colonies were counted. By using Omeliansky's formula to determine the microbial load per cubic meter of medium according to the number of colonies, the result was reported as colony forming units (cfu/m3).
RESULTS: The number of 0.5μm particles per cubic meter was determined as 6,350,606 in the IVIR and 85,648 in the OPR. ACT and the "International Organization for Standardization" (ISO) class were found to be 2.0 and ISO 9 for IVIR, respectively, while 56.2 and ISO 7 for OPR. The bacterial density in the medium was found to be quite high as 484.86 cfu/m3 in IVIR, while it was found as 65.11 in OPR. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pantoea spp and Enterobacter cloacae were grown in IVIR and OPR, and no fungal pathogens were detected.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: IVIR was found to be risky in terms of infection according to OPR. In intravitreal injections, it is very important to comply with the local antisepsis rules, keep the ultraviolet lamps on when the injection is not made, and have a high rate of air change per hour in the environments where the intraocular injection will be made. It will be much safer to make intravitreal injections in specially designed positive pressure rooms in order to prevent the development of infection.

INTRODUCTION: Inula viscosa (I.viscosa) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. This study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and anticarcinogenic activities of methanol and hexane extracts derived from I. viscosa.
METHODS: The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of I. viscosa methanol (800-1.56 mg/ml) and hexane (100-0.19 mg/ml) extracts was tested using the disc diffusion method. Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used as standard strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts were made for each bacteria using the microdilution method. MIC value was determined as the lowest extract concentration at which growth was not observed. Minimum bactericide concentrations (MBC) were determined for all wells after MIC. The anticarcinogenic activity of I.viscosa was examined using the MTT test. MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells were stained with acridine orange and propidium iodide at the IC50 values of the extracts to determine the viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells.
RESULTS: Zone diameters of the methanol extract for L.monocytogenes, M.luteus, E.coli and K.pneumoniae were 8, 16, 7 and 9 mm, respectively. Zone diameters of the hexane extract for M. luteus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 14, 7 and 9 mm, respectively. MIC values of the methanol extract were 25 mg/ml for M. luteus, 200 mg/ml for L. monocytogenes and K. pneumoniae, and 400 mg/ml for E. coli. MIC values of the hexane extract were 400 mg/ml for L. monocytogenes, E. coli ve K. pneumoniae, and 100 mg/ml for M. luteus. MBC values were similar to MIC values. IC50 values for MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells were 25 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml for the methanol extract, and 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml for the hexane extract, respectively. Depending on increased concentration levels, the presence of necrotic and early apoptotic cells was observed among MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Methanol and hexane extracts of I.viscosa were found to have antibacterial effects on the studied bacteria and anticarcinogenic activity on MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells. Conducting further studies to demonstrate the effects of these extracts on different cancer cell lines and bacterial strains will contribute to the field of complementary medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Boric acid is an element that is found as compounds in the nature and has been shown to be effective in many areas. Being non-toxic for human and the environment and economical due to obtained naturally are the main remarkable properties. This study was conducted to investigate the disinfectant efficiency of boric acid.
METHODS: A suspension of lyophilized boric acid in different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 6%) was prepared then disinfectant activity against a total of 25 isolates including S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, S. mutans ATCC 25175 and 20 different microorganisms with different resistance pattern (A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, S. mitis/oralis) isolated from blood samples was investigated by qualitative suspension method. In the qualitative suspension method; boric acid at different concentrations and selected bacteria were contacted for 1, 2, 5, 10, 30 minutes. At the end of the contact periods, neutralizing solution was added to stop the effects of the substances before culturing, and then cultured on tryptone soy agar. At the end of 48 hours incubation, After incubation, the bacteria were assessed for the presence or absence of proliferation.
RESULTS: The efficacy of boric acid at a concentration of 1% and the tested durations was not determined. It was found that boric acid at a concentration of 2% with 5 minutes contact time was efficient against almost all bacteria and to all at 10th minute, to all at 4% concentration since 5th minute and to all at 6% concentration since 1st minute. While efficacy was not determined at 1% concentration in Candida species, it found to be effective in all at the 2% concentration from the 1st minute.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It has been found that boric acid is an antimicrobial agent effective against bacteria and Candida species even at low concentrations. It will be beneficial to carry out studies that examine variables such as safety and stability related to this substance, which is a candidate for use for disinfection purposes.

Cancer is a disease that occurs in tissues and organs as a result of uncontrolled cell divisions. There are numerous types of cancer related with different frequencies and mortality rate. Ovarian cancer is the seventh common type of cancer worldwide and is the fifth cause of cancer-related death. Although there are standard treatment methods for cancer types, people give different responses to these treatment methods. In spite of all the treatment strategy developed, ovarian cancer still has a high mortality rate. For this reason, it is very important to better understand the drug resistance mechanisms that prevent the effecttiveness of today's treatment methods, to develop new treatment methods and the determination of molecular characterization. In recent years, research has focused on methods containing pathway analysis within the scope of developing targeted therapy strategies for ovarian cancer. In this context, the activity status of onco-proteins in pathways such as WNT, Hedgehog and NOTCH signaling pathways were evaluated. In addition, the innovative treatment efficiency of Nanog protein and photodynamic therapy options on ovarian cancer has been detailed in recent years. It will be possible to increase the quality of the healing process of patients suffering from this disease by enlightening the molecular characterizations of the treatment methods that are available and still being developed in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that aims to produce products of high economic value using biological materials. Fungi are used as a source in many industrial processes such as the production of enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, polyhydric alcohols, pigments, lipids and glycolipids. These products are potentially valuable in terms of biotechnological studies as well as the economic value provided by their commercial production. The first biotechnological products include alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer also, basic nutrients such as bread and cheese produced by the use of yeast and fungi. Especially with the discovery of the first antibiotic, the possibilities of using fungi for the production of drugs and similar substances in health biotechnology have been started to be investigated. Fungal secondary metabolites are extremely important for our health and nutrition and also have a significant economic impact. In recent years, modified organisms have been used in biotechnological production as a result of the use of techniques developed by molecular biology and genetic studies. Today, there has been a significant increase in production and marketing activities for microbial enzymes and pharmaceutical products produced by recombinant DNA technology, including yeasts and other fungi as hosts. Today, fungal biology is an important participant in the global industry. Genomic and proteomic studies on newly discovered species are ongoing. The aim of this study is to examine the information in the literature about the use of fungi in health biotechnology. According to the results of this study, yeasts and fungi are widely used in health biotechnology, especially in the production of pharmaceutical products. Fungi and yeasts are used in the production of various pharmaceutical products such as antitumor and antimicrobial drug active substances, vaccines and hormones. In addition, it has been determined that new fungi and yeast species developed using recombinant DNA technologies can be used both more efficiently and effectively. In addition, the existence of newly isolated yeast and fungi species with many features not fully identified is promising for the production of new products in health biotechnology.