OBJECTIVE: Helicobacter pylori are microaerophilic gram-negative spiral bacteria that can be isolated from gastric mucosa in humans. H. pylori have been associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma and B-cell lymphomas.
METHODS: In the present work, with the use of ELISA method, seroprevalence of H. pylori surface antigen (HpSA) in the stool samples of outpatients with gastroduodenal complaints have been investigated retrospectively forthe period of 2003-2004.

RESULTS: İn the adult group, 410 out of 523 male patients (78,4 %), and 672 out of 856 female patients (78,5 %) found to be positive in HpSAtesting. İn the pediatric group, 648 out of 815 patients (79,5 %) tested positive in HpSAtesting.
CONCLUSION: İt is concluded that H. pylori seroprevalence rate in ali investigated age groups with gastroduodenal complaints is similar, and HpSA ELISA is a convenient and inexpensive method to detect the presence or absence of an ongoing active infection caused byH. pylori in gastric mucosa.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial diseases. As a result of the inereasing resistance to antibiotics in recent years, some problems have been encountered in empiric treatment of urinary tract infection. The aim of the present study is to assess the resistance of uropathogen Escherichia coli isolates to oral antibiotics.
METHODS: Samples were taken from middle urine and were counted for E. coli. Isolates were then prepared from the ones with an E. coli count of 10Vml or more. The isolates were analysed by using colonial morphology, gram staining and biochemical test results. The susceptibility of the isolates was evaluated by disc diffusion method in compliance with NCCLS susceptibility testing guidelines. E.coli ATCC 25922 was used as the control strain. Results were evaluated by Chi-squaretest.
RESULTS: The E. coli of the isolates were found to have low resistance rates to nitrofurantoin,
fosfomisin, trometamol and cefixime; and high resistance rates to ampicillin and amoxicillin.

CONCLUSION: Based on the results, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin/sulbaktam, amoxicillin/clavulonic acid and trimetoprim/sulfometaksazol may prove to be ineffeetive in the empiric treatment of urinary tract infection in our region. İn order to reduce the resistance development and the common use of quinolones, second and third generation oral cefalosporins can be used in place of these medicines. NITand FMTare thought to be suitable alternatives in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.Based on the results, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin/sulbaktam, amoxicillin/clavulonic acid and trimetoprim/sulfometaksazol may prove to be ineffeetive in the empiric treatment of urinary tract infection in our region. İn order to reduce the resistance development and the common use of quinolones, second and third generation oral cefalosporins can be used in place of these medicines. NITand FMTare thought to be suitable alternatives in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine seroprevalence of Q fever, Brucellosis and Toxoplasmosis among veterinarians, veterinary students and slaughterhouse workers who areinclosecontactwithanimals.
METHODS: A total of 107 sera consisting of 21 veterinarians, 43 veterinary students and 43 slaughterhouseworkers weretested forQfeverby Indirect FluorescenceAntibodyTest (IFAT), for Brucellosis by Micro Agglutination Test (MAT), for Toxoplasmosis by Sabin Feldman dye test (SFDT).
RESULTS: Ten (23.356) of 43 slaughterhouse workers, 6 (28.656) of 21 veterinarians, and 6 (1456) of veterinary students were positive for the presence of C. burnetii IgG antibodies. However, only one slaughterhouse worker was seropositive for C. burnetii IgM antibody. Although Brucella antibodies ranging from 1: 10 to 1: 160 in risk groups were observed in 25 (23.456) serum samples, an antibody titer of 1: 160, which is considered seropositivity criterion for acute Brucellosis, was determined in only one serum sample belong to slaughterhouse workers. SFDT results showed that 53.5 56 of slaughterhouse workers, 42.956 of veterinarians and 20.956 of veterinary medicine students were positive.
CONCLUSION: The high seroprevalence of Qfever and Toxoplasmosis obtained in this study suggests that people, especially those who are close contact with animals, should be warned and informed about zoonotic infections. In addition, further studies should be performed to elucidate epidemiology of mentioned zoonotic infections in this region.

OBJECTIVE: In this study.it was aimed to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) level of Fenchone (FN) in mice and anti-inflammatory effect in rats by using carrageenan- induced right hind-pawedema model.
METHODS: The study involved sixdifferent groups these are; Serum physiologic, ethyl alcohol, indomethacin (3 mg/kg), FN (0.05 ml/kg) FN (0.10 mg/kg) and FN (0.20 ml/kg). Aftermeasuring the volumes of right hind-paws of rats using a plethysmometer, drugs were injected intraperitonally and lambda-carrageenan were injected subcutaneously into the plantar region. Three hours after the injections the volume measurements of the right hind-paws were repeated and the differences between the groups were statistically compared.
RESULTS: It was found that reduction of the inflammation was 95.70% with indomethacin, 45.87% with 0.05 ml/kg FN, 53.15% with 0.10 ml/kg FN and 70.60% with 0.20 ml/kg FN. Ali doses of the FN used showed statistically significant anti-inflammatory effect compared to the control groups. The anti-inflammatory effect of ali doses of FN were weaker than the effect of indomethacin. The median effective dose (ED50) of FN was determinated as 0.133 ml/kg and the median lethal dose (LD50) of FN was determinated as 0.943 ml/kg.

CONCLUSION: lt canbeassumedthat FN has anti-inflammatory effect.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, sea products, especially, mussel (Rapana thomasiana crosse), shrimps and frozen sardine products exported to Italy, Spain, Japan and China have an importanteconomicalvalue.
METHODS: In this study, microbial quality of some sea products (intended for export) were investigated to determine if they carry health risks regarding to the pathogen microorganism loads (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio chlorea) of mussel (Rapana thomasiana crosse), shrimps and frozen sardine (head and tali parts were separated in process), sardine fillets (internal-organs were separated in process) at a locally exporting firm in Bandırma, Balıkesir region.
RESULTS: It was determined that mussel (Rapana thomasiana crosse) and tail-head separated frozen sardine have very low microbial quality.

CONCLUSION: Microbial condition of sea is also very important beside of hygienic properties of the firms. Prevention of sea pollution and improvement of conditions will end up with healthy sea products and improve the trade to abroad.

OBJECTIVE: Z.G., a 75-year-old female has been suffering from venous stasis for about 10 years. Ayear ago, the second toe of her right leg become infected and the patient was treated for 11 months with conventional therapy.
METHODS: One month before her toe was amputated and soon thereafter the wound become infected and the ulcer spread to the adjacent toes. The wound was treated three times, each for 24 hrs with sterile maggots.
RESULTS: During the treatment the patient complained of increased pain and was treated with analgesics. Three days after the beginning of the therapy the ulcer had completely resolved. Thereafter, an autologous skin transplant was applied on the wound.
CONCLUSION: Maggot debridement therapy has been proven to be an effective method for cleaning chronic vvounds and initiating granulation. İt is a simple, efficient, well tolerated and cost-effective tool for the treatment of vvounds and ulcers, vvhich do not respond to conventional treatment and surgical intervention.

Gene therapy can be described as the approach to change gene expression of an individual to treat a disease. According to the annual gene therapy records in 2006, hard work of both academic and industrial laboratories resulted 1273 gene therapy clinical protocols that have been approved by ethical commitees. İn spite of ali these attempts there is only one licence so far and that has recently been given by China for the routine use of head and neck cancer treatment. A majör obstacle to the successful application of gene therapy trials is not a insufficient amount of therapeutic genes, but the lack of nontodc gene delivery systems. A variety of viral and non-viral systems are used for gene therapy and each system owns its specific advantages and disadvantages. İn the current status, the most effective gene delivery tools are viruses because of their natural ability to transfer genes to target cells. Gene therapy is being developed for a range of diseases including inherited monogenic disorders and cardiovascular diseases, but this approach has been most evident for cancer. İn order that gene therapy can be used in clinical practice, delivery of therapeutic genes to cells at efficient doses, gene-targetting to the disease cells and tight-control of the delivered genes should be improved, by another means, biosafety problems needs to be solved. İn this revievv, vector systems used in gene therapy will be explained and evaluation criterias for their biosafety will be discussed.

Scorpions can be referred to as living fossils because they have changed their form so little in the last 420 million years. They have the slovvest metabolic rate of ali the arthropods. Therefore they spend most of their time in a retreat vvaiting to ambush passing prey. Scorpions are viviparous. After a 7 to 12 months gestation period, 34-110 live young are born. The female, in most species, forms a basket with her first or first and second pairs of legs to catch the nevvborn at birth. They then climb up her legs onto her back where they molt for the first time. Scorpions molt 6-9 times before maturity and that varies from 12 months to 3 years. Sanitation is the first step in scorpion control. Loose boards, vvoodpiles, rocks, and debris should be eliminated from areas about homes.

iopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Biopesticides fail into three majör classes; microbial pesticides, plant pesticides, and biochemical pesticides. There are several advantages of using biopesticides. Biopesticides are usefully inherently less harmful than conventional pesticides. Biopesticides generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms as directly, in contrast to broad spectrum of conventional pesticides those may affect organisms as different as birds, insects, and mammals. Biopesticides are often effective in smallquantities and often decompese quickly, thereby resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems caused by conventional pesticides. İn this revievv biopesticides subject, and biological control methods (bacteria, mosquitoes, dragonflies, fishes and others especially for vector and pest were evaluated.